Sebuah mobil modern berisi banyak sekali sensor dan aktuator. Semua terhubung ke prosesor atau sering disebut dengan Electronic Control Unit [ECU]) sebagai input dan output seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini (terkadang beberapa unit kontrol dapat digunakan, masing-masing didedikasikan untuk satu set fungsi terkait).
Beberapa ”sensor” merupakan sakelar atau relai yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi kondisi, misalnya, bahwa AC hidup atau mati, transmisi ada di gigi berapa, pintu tertutup, dan banyak lagi yang lainnya, sedangkan yang lainnya adalah benar-benar sensor. Sebagian besar aktuator adalah solenoida, katup, atau motor, tetapi beberapa di antaranya adalah indikator seperti lampu tekanan oli rendah atau bel ‘pintu terbuka’. Tidak semua mobil memiliki sensor dan aktuator yang sama tergantung pada merek dan modelnya. Sebagian besar sensor dan aktuator di dalam mobil dipantau oleh sistem Onboard Diagnostic (OBD) atau diagnostik onboard yang memberikan indikasi kondisi sistem di dalam mobil kepada pengemudi, mekanik, dan regulator.
Daftar Sensor dan Aktuator yang Dipantau OBD
Daftar sebagian dari sensor dan aktuator yang dipantau oleh sistem OBD akan diberikan di bawah ini. Selain yang terdaftar, banyak sensor ‘tersembunyi’ di dalam komponen lain. Misalnya, sistem cruise control menggunakan sensor tekanan untuk menjaga kecepatan dan pengatur tegangan menggunakan sensor arus dan tegangan untuk menjaga tegangan tetap konstan, tetapi ini tidak dimonitor secara langsung. Demikian pula ada banyak aktuator lain yang tidak dipantau oleh sistem OBD, termasuk motor dan katup dalam sistem lain seperti yang digunakan untuk membuka dan menutup jendela, pintu, atap, dan lain-lain. Perlu juga dicatat bahwa banyak dari sensor ini adalah smart sensor sering kali berisi mikroprosesornya sendiri.
Sensor
- Crankshaft position (CKP) sensor
- Camshaft position (CMP) sensor (two) Heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) (two or four) Mass air flow (MAF) sensor
- Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor Intake air temperature (IAT) sensor
- Engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor Engine oil pressure sensor
- Throttle position (TP) sensor (one to four) Fuel composition sensor (for alternative fuels) Fuel temperature sensor (one or two)
- Fuel rail pressure sensor
- Engine oil temperature sensor
- Turbocharger boost sensor (one or two) Rough road sensor
- Knock sensor (KS) (one or two)
- Exhaust gas recirculation sensor (one or two) Fuel tank pressure sensor
- Evaporative emission control pressure sensor Fuel level sensor (one or two)
- Purge flow sensor
- Exhaust pressure sensor
- Vehicle speed sensor (VSS)
- Cooling fan speed sensor
- Transmission fluid temperature (TFT) sensor A/C refrigerant pressure sensor
- Rear vertical sensor
- Horizontal sensor
- A/C low-side temperature sensor
- A/C evaporator temperature sensor
- A/C high-side temperature sensor
- A/C refrigerant overpressure
- Left A/C discharge sensor
- Right A/C discharge sensor
- Power steering pressure (PSP) switch Transmission range sensor
- Input/turbine speed sensor
- Output speed sensor
- Secondary vacuum sensor
- Alternative fuel gas mass sensor Accelerator pedal position sensor (two) Barometric pressure sensor
- Cruise servo position sensor
- Brake boost vacuum (BBV) sensor Wheel speed sensor (one on each wheel) Steering handwheel speed sensor
- Left heater discharge sensor
- Right heater discharge sensor
- Mirror horizontal position sensor Mirror vertical position sensor
- Driver recline sensor
- Driver lumbar horizontal sensor
- Driver lumbar vertical sensor
- Driver belt tower vertical sensor Recline sensor
- Right rear position sensor
- Front vertical sensor
- Lumbar forward/aft sensor
- Lumbar up/down sensor
- Left front mirror vertical position sensor Right front mirror vertical position sensor Driver front vertical sensor
- Driver rear vertical sensor
- Driver seat assembly horizontal sensor Twilight photocell
- Seat back heater sensor
- Telescope position sensor
- Tilt position sensor
- Security system sensor
- Automatic headlamp leveling device (AHLD) front axle sensor AHLD rear axle sensor Window position sensor
- Evaporative emission (EVAP) system leak detector
- Left front position sensor Right front position sensor Left rear position sensor
- Right rear position sensor Level control position sensor
- Tire pressure monitor (TPM) system sensor (four)
- Vehicle stability enhancement system (VSES) sensor Yaw rate sensor
- Lateral accelerometer sensor
- Steering sensor
- Brake fluid pressure sensor
- Left front/driver side impact sensor (SIS)
- Electronic front end sensor (one or two)
- Outside air temperature sensor
- Ambient air temperature sensor
- Passenger compartment temperature sensor (one or two) Output air temperature sensor (one or two)
- Solar load sensor (one or two)
- Right-hand panel discharge temperature sensor
- Rear discharge temperature sensor
- Discrete sensor
- Evaporator inlet temperature sensor
- Left-hand sun load sensor
- GPS antennas, satellite antennas, radio antennas, ultrasound and accelerometers for theft prevention, etc.
Actuator
- Turbocharger wastegate solenoid (two)
- Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) solenoid
- Secondary air injection (AIR) solenoid
- Secondary air injection switching valve (two)
- Secondary air injection (AIR) pump
- EVAP purge solenoid valve
- Evaporative emission (EVAP) vent solenoid Intake manifold tuning (IMT) valve solenoid TCC enable solenoid
- Torque converter clutch
- Shift solenoid A
- 1–2 shift solenoid valve
- Shift solenoid B
- 2–3 shift solenoid valve
- Shift solenoid C
- Shift solenoid D
- Shift solenoid E
- 3–2 shift solenoid
- Shift/timing solenoid
- 1–4 upshift (skip shift) solenoid
- Line pressure control (PC) solenoid
- Shift pressure control (PC) solenoid
- Shift solenoid (SS) 3
- Shift solenoid (SS) 4
- Shift solenoid (SS) 5
- Intake resonance switchover solenoid
- Reverse inhibit solenoid
- Pressure control (PC) solenoid
- A/T solenoid
- Torque converter clutch (TCC)/shift solenoid
- Brake band apply solenoid
- Intake manifold runner control (IMRC) solenoid
- Left front ABS solenoid (two)
- Right front ABS solenoid (two)
- Left rear ABS solenoid (two)
- Right rear ABS solenoid (two)
- Left TCS solenoid (two)
- Right TCS solenoid (two)
- Steering assist control solenoid
- Left front solenoid
- Right front solenoid
- Left rear solenoid
- Right rear solenoid
- Exhaust solenoid valve
- Secondary air injection switching valve (two)
- Evaporative emission system purge control valve Exhaust pressure control valve
- Intake plenum switchover valve
- Exhaust gas recirculation system valve 1
- Exhaust gas recirculation system valve 3
- Throttle valve
- Electronic brake control module (EBCM) control valve
- Fuel solenoid
- Cruise vent solenoid
- Cruise vacuum solenoid
- Right front inlet valve solenoid
- Right front outlet valve solenoid
- Left rear inlet valve solenoid
- Left rear outlet valve solenoid
- Right rear inlet valve solenoid
- Right rear outlet valve solenoid
- Left front TCS master cylinder isolation valve
- Left front TCS prime valve
- Right front TCS master cylinder isolation valve
- Right front TCS prime valve
- Exhaust solenoid valve short to ground (GND)
- Throttle actuator control (TAC) motor
- Pump motor
- Mirror motor (one on each side)
- Tilt/telescope motor
- Level control exhaust valve
- Left front inlet valve solenoid
- Left front outlet valve solenoid
- Front washer motor
- Rear washer motor
- Front wiper relay
- Rear wiper relay
- HVAC actuator
- Coolant thermostat
- Injectors (air, fuel) (one per cylinder)
- Window motors
- Electric door motors
- Cooling fans in engine
- Cooling/heating fans in compartment
- Starter motor
- Alternator
- Catalytic converter